Stanley LeFevre Krebs

Stanley LeFevre Krebs was an American minister, psychologist, author, educator, psychical researcher, and one of the best-known public lecturers on psychology, mental phenomena, salesmanship, and business education during the early twentieth century. His long career moved through the Reformed ministry, experimental psychology, investigations of fraudulent mediumship, the Chautauqua and Lyceum circuits, commercial education, and eventually a return to the clergy through the Episcopal Church.

An important part of that development was his close relationship with Herbert A. Parkyn. Krebs became a resident graduate of Parkyn’s Chicago School of Psychology and worked directly with Parkyn in the investigation of spiritualist phenomena. His later career carried many of the subjects he studied in Chicago, including suggestion, hypnotism, concentration, mental influence, and unusual mental phenomena, into books, classrooms, public demonstrations, and lectures across the United States.

Krebs’s professional affiliations were extensive. At different stages of his career he was connected with the Society for Psychical Research of London and its New York branch, the London Society of Arts, the New York Medico-Legal Society, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the Elmer R. Gates Laboratory of Psychology and Psychurgy in Washington, D.C., the Committee of One Hundred, and the National Geographic Society. Later affiliations included Phi Beta Kappa, the Advertising Clubs of the World, the Lions organization, and the American Greeters. These associations accompanied an equally varied educational career in theology, psychology, music, languages, history, business, and commercial education.

Early Life and the Krebs Family

Stanley LeFevre Krebs was born January 14, 1864, at Waynesboro in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Rev. Walter E. Krebs and Isabella LeFevre Krebs and grew up in a family in which the Reformed ministry and education were closely connected.

His father, Walter E. Krebs, was a prominent Reformed minister and educator. A valedictorian graduate of Franklin and Marshall College and the Reformed Theological Seminary at Mercersburg, he served several churches before teaching mathematics and history at Franklin and Marshall. He later became president of Allentown Female College, now Cedar Crest College, and in 1885 founded the Edge Hill Institute in Littlestown, a preparatory school that educated many future ministers and physicians. Franklin and Marshall awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1899, and he also wrote extensively for Reformed Church publications.

Stanley was thus raised in an environment combining theology, teaching, writing, and academic study. His father was simultaneously a minister, professor, school founder, and writer. Those same overlapping occupations would later characterize Stanley’s own career.

Education, Music, and the Ministry

Krebs displayed an early interest in music. He studied music and composition at the Boston Conservatory of Music in 1883 and became an accomplished violinist and composer. Music remained part of his public identity for years. He was later described not only as a psychologist and lecturer but as a musician and entertainer, an unusual combination that helps explain the theatrical effectiveness of his lecture demonstrations.

His academic education included Muhlenberg College and Franklin and Marshall College, from which he graduated with honors in 1886. He later undertook special research at the University of Pennsylvania. He prepared for the Reformed ministry at the Eastern Theological Seminary and completed his theological studies around 1890. His education would later expand through postgraduate psychology at Parkyn’s Chicago School of Psychology.

Krebs also became a teacher. At different periods he taught history, microscopy, and languages at St. Luke’s School in Philadelphia and Greek at the Blackstone School. Teaching, ministry, and public speaking were thus already intertwined before psychology became his principal professional interest.

On September 17, 1890, Krebs married Anna Frick Frantz at First Reformed Church in Lancaster. His father conducted the ceremony with the assistance of the local pastor. Stanley and Anna eventually had four children. Their first daughter, Katharine, was born in 1891 and died in infancy in 1892. She was buried in the Krebs family plot at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Littlestown. Their son Stanley Walter Krebs was born in 1896 and later became a composer. Anna Belle was born about 1903, and Josephine, born about 1906, later became a dance instructor.

In 1890 Krebs organized St. Andrew’s Reformed Church in Reading, Pennsylvania, and became its pastor. He remained there for approximately eleven years and built a substantial congregation. The church eventually had about 700 members and a Sunday school of approximately 800 pupils.

Stanley Krebs and the Chicago School of Psychology

During the late 1890s Krebs pursued advanced psychological study under Dr. Herbert A. Parkyn at the Chicago School of Psychology. He became a resident graduate of the school and received the Doctor of Psychology degree in 1899.

Parkyn had founded the Chicago School in 1896 after several years of clinical work with hypnotism and suggestion. By the time Krebs studied there, Parkyn had developed a substantial psychological system dealing with the operation of the mind, hypnotism, suggestive therapeutics, auto-suggestion, concentration, mental habits, personal influence, and related phenomena. Much of this system was also presented through Parkyn’s Special Mail Course in Hypnotism and Suggestive Therapeutics.

Krebs’s identification as a resident graduate of the Chicago School did not disappear after he completed his studies. It became one of his standard professional credentials. Advertisements and introductions for his lectures repeatedly identified him as a resident graduate of the Chicago School of Psychology throughout his career.

Krebs began his professional lecture career at about the same time. By February 1900 he had appeared on nearly one hundred platforms in six states, with engagements in nearly half of them being return appearances. His subjects included psychology, mind reading, hypnotism, psychical research, and what was then commonly called occult science. He combined lectures with experiments and demonstrations and developed a reputation for explaining seemingly mysterious phenomena in understandable psychological terms.

The Investigation of the Bangs Sisters

During 1899 and 1900 Parkyn, Krebs, and Sydney B. Flower became involved in investigating Elizabeth and May Bangs, the famous Chicago spiritualist mediums known as the Bangs Sisters. Their performances included spirit communications, slate writing, automatic messages, and portraits supposedly produced through supernatural means.

Flower first attended a series of sittings and experimented with securing the slates used by the sisters. He attended fifteen sittings and brought his own slates, which he secured in several ways. When the slates were fastened so that they could not secretly be opened, the expected spirit writing failed to appear. When they could be handled, impressive results returned. Flower became convinced that the manifestations depended upon manipulation but had not determined the complete method.

Parkyn then conducted a sitting of his own. He prepared four false questions, sealed them inside an identifiable envelope, and carefully watched the medium’s movements. He discovered how a small opening could be made between the slates, allowing the envelope to fall secretly into the medium’s lap. It could then be passed beneath a door to an accomplice in another room, opened, answered, resealed, and returned to the slates while the sitter’s attention was directed elsewhere.

After determining the method, Parkyn called upon Krebs to conduct another investigation. Parkyn advised his former student to conceal a mirror on his lap so that he could observe what occurred beneath the table. Krebs was able to follow the procedure and confirm the method. By February 1900 Krebs was appearing publicly with a program called “Mind Reading and the Occult Sciences,” accompanied by an assistant and exposing fraudulent methods used by mind readers and mediums. His exposure of the Bangs Sisters’ “sealed letter writing” became an important part of his reputation.

Parkyn later recreated the Bangs Sisters’ effect before fifteen students at the Chicago School on April 11, 1900. His father, James Parkyn, acted as the concealed accomplice. Parkyn improved the method by using black linen thread to remove and return the envelope with fewer suspicious movements. None of the students watching the demonstration detected how it had been accomplished.

The investigation became formative for Krebs. Throughout his career he would reproduce apparently supernatural effects before audiences and then explain how deception, suggestion, misdirection, or ordinary psychological processes could create them.

Psychical Research and Krebs’s Professional Associations

Krebs’s work with Parkyn and the Bangs Sisters formed only one part of his involvement with organized psychical research. He became associated with the Society for Psychical Research of London and Dr. James H. Hyslop, and was a member of its New York branch. He was also involved in psychological research at the Gates Laboratory of Psychology and Psychurgy in Washington, D.C., where he served on its board of directors.

He was also associated with the London Society of Arts, the New York Medico-Legal Society, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the Committee of One Hundred. These affiliations appeared repeatedly in descriptions of Krebs over a period of many years and formed a substantial part of his professional identity.

His interest was not confined to exposing fraud. Krebs remained interested in telepathy, clairvoyance, thought transference, hypnotism, subliminal mental activity, and other disputed phenomena. He traveled in Europe and Africa and pursued psychological investigations on both sides of the Atlantic.

He also prepared an illustrated report titled Some Phases of Psychical Research, which was published in London, St. Petersburg, New York or Chicago, and translated into several languages. By the early 1900s he was being presented publicly as an investigator and recognized authority in psychical research as well as a minister.

Psychology and the Ministry in Reading, PA.

Krebs did not abandon the ministry while developing this work. In Reading he began applying his psychological training alongside his pastoral duties. He used hypnotic and suggestive methods in dealing with headaches and other minor complaints and delivered lectures on advanced psychological subjects. His approach was experimental. Krebs wanted to remove the atmosphere of mystery surrounding psychology and psychical phenomena and treat the mind as something that could be investigated through observation and experiment.

This did not make him an opponent of psychical research. His investigations led him to distinguish between phenomena he could reproduce through deception and those for which he did not believe a sufficient explanation had yet been found. He was willing to expose fraudulent mediumship while continuing to investigate telepathy, clairvoyance, and subliminal mental processes. In 1901 Krebs left St. Andrew’s and became pastor of First Reformed Church in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. His family moved with him, but his psychological work continued to expand.

A National Career on the Lecture Platform

By 1902 Krebs had appeared on more than two hundred lecture platforms in nine states. One of his best-known programs was “Marvels and Mysteries of Mind,” a combination of psychology, psychical research, experiment, and entertainment that remained in his repertoire for years. His Chautauqua and Lyceum work placed him before audiences across the country. Krebs lectured on psychology, hypnotism, thought transference, fear, worry, concentration, mental laws, mediumship, and psychical research. He was frequently praised for combining serious material with humor and dramatic demonstrations.

One of his most successful programs, “Mysteries of Mediums and Mind-Readers,” turned his investigations into a public exposure of fraudulent psychic methods. Krebs reproduced slate-writing séances, supposed messages from the dead, spirit raps, blindfold reading, mysterious voices, apparent communications from spirits, and other effects. He could allow members of an audience to bind him and then perform seemingly impossible feats. After producing the mystery, he demonstrated that such performances did not require supernatural powers.

His investigations of mediumship remained closely associated with his name. Years after the original Bangs Sisters investigation, lecture promotions still referenced Krebs as the investigator who had exposed their celebrated sealed-letter writing.

The Law of Suggestion and the Science Press

In 1905 Krebs published one of his most important psychological books, The Law of Suggestion: A Compendium for the People. The book was issued by the Science Press in Chicago.

The publishing connection is important because the Science Press also published Parkyn’s Auto-Suggestion as a companion to Krebs’ Law of Suggestion. Parkyn’s book presented auto-suggestion as a system for “Health, Happiness and Success” and applied it to physical and mental conditions, character formation, habits, optimism, concentration, success, breathing, healing, and personal magnetism. The Science Press also published The Business Philosopher, which used Parkyn’s Auto-Suggestion as a subscription premium.

Krebs worked at the Science Press with Edward E. Beals, another graduate of Parkyn’s Chicago School of Psychology. This makes the Science Press connection much more important than a coincidence of publisher. Parkyn’s Auto-Suggestion and Krebs’s The Law of Suggestion were being issued through an operation involving two men trained within the same Chicago psychological circle. Beals would later become important to the publishing history surrounding William Walker Atkinson. Through his Fiduciary Company, Beals would acquire Atkinson’s publishing name and later work with Atkinson on the twelve-volume Personal Power book series issued in 1922.

Krebs Left the Ministry to Join the Sheldon School of Scientific Salesmanship

By 1906 Krebs was attempting to maintain two demanding careers. First Reformed Church in Greensburg had prospered during his pastorate, increasing from 501 to 803 members in a little more than five years. At the same time, his psychological research, writing, and Lyceum and Chautauqua engagements demanded more of his attention. Krebs resigned from the Greensburg church in 1906. He wanted additional time for psychological research, literary work, and his national lecture career.

That same year, he accepted a position in Chicago as associate editor of The Business Philosopher issued by the Science Press and the Sheldon School of Scientific Salesmanship, and as supervisor of publications and lecturer for the school. The Sheldon School was started by Parkyn’s associate, Arthur Frederick Sheldon, and had more than 16,000 enrolled pupils. The move gave Krebs a much larger educational audience and brought his psychological work directly into the field of salesmanship and commercial education.

Hypnotism, Suggestion, and the Thomas White Case

Krebs’s expertise in hypnotism, suggestion, mediumship, and psychical research was sufficiently established by 1906 that he appeared as an expert witness in a case involving Thomas White, a self-described mental healer and spiritualist. Krebs’ testimony discussed the history of hypnotism through Mesmer and James Braid and explained hypnotic effects through psychological processes and suggestion. He rejected the idea that charms possessed inherent occult powers, explaining their apparent effects through expectation and the mental condition of the person using them.

His testimony also revealed the careful distinction he made between fraud and unexplained phenomena. Krebs had exposed fraudulent mediums and could personally reproduce many supposedly supernatural effects, yet he did not claim that every unusual mental occurrence had been explained. He described experiments in thought transference in which one participant left a room while the remaining participants selected an object. When the participant returned, the group concentrated on the selected object and attempted to guide the person toward it without verbal instructions. Krebs regarded results from experiments of this type as sufficiently interesting to deserve continued investigation.

He also discussed personal experiences that he had not satisfactorily explained, including an incident involving a name apparently perceived through psychometric means. Such experiences kept him interested in telepathy and clairvoyance even while he exposed fraudulent spiritualism.

From Psychology to Salesmanship and Business Education

Krebs’s work with the Sheldon School brought psychology into commercial education. Attention, concentration, memory, imagination, reasoning, personality, confidence, and mental discipline could all be applied to salesmanship and business. His Chautauqua lectures continued at the same time. In August 1907 he delivered a series of psychology lectures dealing with consciousness, mind, soul, faith, reason, fear, worry, and human behavior. His discussion distinguished between mind and soul and described subliminal mental activity as an important influence upon thought and action.

Krebs described several levels or planes of consciousness and treated the subliminal mind as continuously active. Suggestions received through the conscious mind could pass into deeper levels and later influence thought and conduct. His religious ideas remained interwoven with this psychological system.

Krebs was also developing lectures on mental laws. By 1911 his program “Five Great Mental Laws” addressed the transmission of thought from one person to another through concentration, passivity, psychic affinity, interest in the subject, morality, and self-control. He illustrated his lectures with experiments involving members of the audience. These subjects placed Krebs in the same turn-of-the-century intellectual environment that later produced extensive Yogi Publication Society literature on mental influence, concentration, personal magnetism, telepathy, and psychic development.

Psychology and Christianity

Krebs had left the active pastorate, but he never abandoned his theological background. He continued delivering explicitly Christian lectures while teaching psychology. His 1911 address “Three Gods or One” dealt with the Trinity and Christian doctrine. Other lectures attempted to show that psychological laws and biblical teachings could be understood together. Krebs described the Bible as an important book of psychology and argued that human beings could study laws of mind without surrendering religious faith.

His 1907 lectures on mind and soul likewise attempted to distinguish rational mental processes from spiritual consciousness. For Krebs, faith and reason were not enemies. He treated them as different capacities that needed to operate in harmony.

The American University of Trade and Applied Commerce

Krebs later became deeply involved with the American University of Trade and Applied Commerce, founded by John Wanamaker in Philadelphia and New York. For approximately three years he lectured to more than three thousand students annually and played an important role in developing its educational program. Krebs prepared curriculum and wrote textbooks for the institution. His subjects included attention and concentration, memory, imagination, reasoning, salesmanship, merchandising, advertising, and applied psychology. His work moved the study of the mind into commercial education on a large scale.

His educational experience by this point was unusually diverse. He had been trained in music, the classics, theology, and psychology. He had taught history, microscopy, languages, and Greek. He had been a minister, psychological investigator, lecturer, editor, curriculum writer, and teacher of salesmanship. The movement into business psychology did not represent a rejection of his earlier work. Concentration, attention, suggestion, personality, mental habit, confidence, and the influence of one mind upon another had been part of his psychological interests for years. Commercial education supplied a new field in which to apply them.

Parkyn’s 1910 Endorsement of Krebs

The relationship between Parkyn and Krebs continued long after Krebs graduated from the Chicago School. In October 1910 Parkyn gave an unusually strong personal endorsement of his former student. Parkyn wrote,

“I know Dr. Krebs well enough personally to say that he is a reliable, careful observer, entirely truthful and unprejudiced. One clear, affirmative statement like Dr. Krebs makes is worth ten thousand negative opinions.”

The statement is important because Parkyn was assessing the quality that had become central to Krebs’s reputation, his work as an investigator. More than a decade had passed since their investigation of the Bangs Sisters, yet Parkyn was still publicly placing considerable confidence in Krebs’s observations. Krebs likewise continued to connect himself with Parkyn’s Chicago School of Psychology. As late as the 1920s, biographical descriptions of him continued to cite his postgraduate work and Doctor of Psychology degree from Parkyn’s Chicago School.

Teacher Institutes and Educational Work

By 1913 Krebs was appearing as an instructor at teachers’ institutes alongside prominent educators. His biographical material at this time credited him with teaching in schools and academies in Chicago, Philadelphia, and other cities, lecturing to thousands of students annually, and carrying out extensive psychological research. His books on political economy and applied psychology were circulated in the United States and abroad.

Krebs’s work at teachers’ institutes continued for years. He could address psychology, education, personality, motivation, mental discipline, and human behavior in a form intended directly for teachers. His combination of experiment, humor, and forceful speaking made him well suited to the institute and Chautauqua format.

Marjorie Main and the Chautauqua Circuit

Krebs met Mary Tomlinson, the actress later famous as Marjorie Main, on the Chautauqua circuit in 1913. The two moved within the same traveling world of lecturers, performers, educators, musicians, and entertainers.

Krebs’s marriage to Anna ended in divorce in early 1921. On December 2, 1921, he married Marjorie Main. Krebs was fifty-seven and Main was thirty-one. They traveled extensively together, and Main assisted him in his lecture work.

Krebs remained close to his father during these years. Walter E. Krebs celebrated his ninety-first birthday with Stanley and Marjorie at their residence at the Hotel de France in New York City.

Anna Frantz Krebs remained in New York as well. By 1930 she was living in an apartment on Riverside Drive with her son Stanley and daughter Josephine. Anna and Josephine were using Frantz, Anna’s maiden surname.

Marjorie Main would later become nationally famous through her film career and the character of Ma Kettle. During her marriage to Krebs, however, she spent many years as the wife and traveling companion of an already established national lecturer.

Krebs’s Later Career in Business Psychology

By the 1920s Krebs was concentrating heavily on business education, personality, advertising, merchandising, management, and salesmanship. He became president of the Institute of Mercantile Art of New York and Chicago and was widely known as a speaker on the psychology of selling. His lecture career remained active. In 1925 he was still appearing as an instructor at teachers’ institutes. His professional biographies described his classical education, research at the University of Pennsylvania, postgraduate psychological work at the Chicago School of Psychology, teaching experience, ministry, and international travel.

Krebs also traveled in South America and continued studying human behavior and social conditions during his journeys. His earlier travels had included Europe and Africa. By the late 1920s he was credited with travel on three continents for the study of human conditions and relationships.

Krebs was considered an authority on economics and the psychology of salesmanship, and he wrote the curriculum and merchandising textbooks for the American University of Trade and Applied Commerce.

A Career Connecting Psychology, Education, Religion, and Business

Few figures in Parkyn’s circle carried psychological teaching into as many different fields as Krebs. He began as a minister and teacher, studied psychology under Parkyn, investigated mediumship, became a psychical researcher and lecturer, moved into publishing and scientific salesmanship, wrote psychological and commercial textbooks, taught thousands of business students, instructed teachers, and lectured to business organizations across the country.

The subjects changed with his audiences, but many of the central psychological ideas remained consistent. Attention, concentration, suggestion, mental habit, personality, confidence, imagination, memory, reasoning, and the transmission of ideas all appeared repeatedly. His ability to move between these fields was aided by an unusually wide education. Krebs could draw upon theology, psychology, music, languages, history, psychical research, and commercial education. He could address a church congregation, a psychical research audience, a teachers’ institute, a Chautauqua crowd, or a convention of salesmen without abandoning the study of human thought and behavior that connected the different phases of his career.

Return to the Clergy

Krebs’s long absence from regular Reformed pastoral work eventually altered his formal relationship with the denomination. He was removed from the rolls of the Reformed Church in 1923 after many years devoted chiefly to lecturing, writing, psychology, and commercial education. Religion, however, had never disappeared from his thought. In 1927, he was admitted to Episcopal orders, returning formally to the clergy after decades in which theology had continued alongside his psychological and educational work.

He also lectured in New Testament doctrine and Greek. But psychology never displaced theology in Krebs’s intellectual life. His lectures on mind and soul, faith and reason, biblical psychology, and Christian doctrine show that he continued attempting to connect the two throughout his career.

The Final Years and Death of Stanley LeFevre Krebs

During his final years Krebs lived in New York City and continued writing and lecturing. His biography appeared in Who’s Who in America from 1928 through 1935. His books and educational writings covered an unusually wide range of subjects. Among the works associated with him were The Law of Suggestion, Poverty’s Factory, Twin Demons, The Mysteries Exposed, The Buyer’s Art, Salesmanship, The Cries from the Cross, and the personality series Lifil, along with textbooks dealing with attention and concentration, memory, imagination, reasoning, merchandising, and applied psychology.

Krebs had also remained a public lecturer almost to the end of his life. His career had carried him from church pulpits and psychological laboratories to Chautauqua platforms, Lyceum halls, universities, teachers’ institutes, business schools, advertising organizations, and commercial conventions.

Stanley LeFevre Krebs died at St. Luke’s Hospital in New York City on September 26, 1935, at the age of seventy-one after suffering from a lung infection. He was survived by his wife Marjorie and his children Stanley Walter, Anna Belle, and Josephine. Services were held in the chapel at St. Luke’s Hospital, after which his body was taken to Pennsylvania and buried in the Krebs family plot at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Littlestown beside his daughter Katharine. In 1953 Marjorie Main had his remains transferred to Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood. His original Pennsylvania burial site became a cenotaph.

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Sources & Citations

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